Efficient Referrals That Improve Patient Outcomes

Efficient Referrals That Improve Patient Outcomes

* The interplay between orthodontic forces and periodontal tissues in young patients.

Okay, let's talk about kids and braces, but more importantly, about how getting them to the right orthodontist at the right time can make a world of difference. Think of it like this: childhood is a period of rapid growth, a symphony of bones and teeth shifting and settling. If that symphony is a little off-key, a timely orthodontic referral can act like a skilled conductor, gently guiding everything back into harmony.


"Understanding the Importance of Timely Orthodontic Referrals for Children" isn't just a catchy title; it's the core of efficient referrals that improve patient outcomes. See, waiting until a child is older, maybe even a teenager, to address orthodontic issues can mean more complex, and sometimes more invasive, treatments. Early intervention, on the other hand, allows orthodontists to take advantage of that natural growth spurt, potentially preventing problems from escalating.


We're not talking about putting braces on toddlers. We're talking about simple check-ups, assessments that can identify potential issues early on. Orthodontic expanders can create more space in the mouth for teeth Youth orthodontic correction pediatric dentistry. Things like crossbites, severe crowding, or even jaw discrepancies can be spotted and, in some cases, addressed with less dramatic interventions than would be necessary later. Think of it like catching a small weed before it chokes the rest of your garden.


Efficient referrals are crucial because they connect general dentists, who often see children most frequently, with orthodontists who have the specialized knowledge to assess and treat these issues. A good referral process isn't just about sending a patient over; it's about clear communication, shared understanding of the child's needs, and a collaborative approach to care.


Ultimately, it's about giving kids the best possible start. Straight teeth aren't just about aesthetics; they're about proper chewing, clear speech, and even self-esteem. By understanding the importance of timely orthodontic referrals, and by fostering efficient referral systems, we can help ensure that children receive the orthodontic care they need, when they need it, leading to healthier smiles and happier futures. It's a win-win, and that's something worth smiling about.

Okay, so we're talking about getting patients the right orthodontic care at the right time, and a big part of that is knowing when to send them to an orthodontist in the first place. That's where "Identifying Key Indicators for Referral: Recognizing Early Signs of Malocclusion" comes in. It's essentially about learning to spot the red flags that suggest things aren't developing quite right in a patient's bite or jaw alignment.


Think of it like this: you wouldn't wait until a car engine completely seizes to take it to a mechanic, right? You'd listen for unusual noises, watch for warning lights. Same idea here. We need to be observant and proactive. Instead of waiting for a full-blown, complicated malocclusion to develop, we want to catch things early.


What kind of things are we looking for? Well, crowded teeth are a pretty obvious one. But it's not just about crookedness. Consider things like a persistent open bite (where the front teeth don't meet), a significant overbite or underbite, or even crossbite. These aren't just cosmetic issues; they can lead to problems with chewing, speaking, and even jaw joint pain down the road.


Then there are the less obvious cues. Things like mouth breathing, which can affect facial development, or a child who habitually sucks their thumb or finger past a certain age. These habits can exert forces that impact tooth alignment and jaw growth.


Ultimately, being able to recognize these early signs isn't about turning every general dentist or pediatrician into an orthodontist. It's about having a trained eye and knowing when something warrants a specialist's opinion. A timely referral can be a game-changer, potentially simplifying treatment, shortening its duration, and ultimately leading to a better outcome for the patient. It's about ensuring patients get the care they need, when they need it, leading to healthier smiles and improved overall well-being.

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* Preventive measures to maintain periodontal health during orthodontic treatment.

Okay, so let's talk about pediatric dentists, especially how they kick things off and when they know a kiddo needs to see someone else. We're talking about that initial assessment and the referral pathways – basically, how they figure out what's going on and who needs to help. What we really want is efficient referrals, the kind that actually make a difference.


Think about it: those first appointments are huge. The pediatric dentist isn't just looking for cavities. They're checking jaw development, looking at how the teeth are erupting, and gauging the child's risk for future problems. They're also observing the kid's behavior – are they anxious? Are they cooperative? All of this information feeds into the big picture.


Based on that initial assessment, sometimes things are straightforward. Cleanings, fluoride, maybe a filling. But other times, the dentist spots something that needs a specialist. Maybe it's a crooked bite that requires an orthodontist, or a suspected tongue-tie that needs a frenectomy. Perhaps there's something more complex, like a craniofacial anomaly, requiring a whole team of specialists.


That's where the referral comes in. And honestly, not all referrals are created equal. An efficient referral isn't just about handing over a name and number. It's about clear communication. The pediatric dentist needs to provide the specialist with a concise summary of their findings, their concerns, and what they've already tried. This gives the specialist a head start and helps them make the best possible decisions.


Plus, think about the parents. They're already dealing with a potentially worrying situation. A good referral pathway includes clear explanations for them, too. Why is this referral necessary? What can they expect at the specialist's office? What are the potential treatment options? The more informed and prepared the parents are, the smoother the whole process will be.


Ultimately, efficient referral pathways are about teamwork. The pediatric dentist acts as a gatekeeper, identifying potential problems and connecting patients with the right specialists at the right time. When everyone's on the same page, and the communication is clear, we see better patient outcomes. And that's what it's all about – making sure kids get the best possible care for their oral health and overall well-being.

* The role of oral hygiene instructions for children and parental involvement.

Okay, let's talk about something crucial: getting kids the orthodontic care they need. We all want the best for our patients, and that includes a healthy, confident smile. But sometimes, convincing parents that an orthodontic evaluation is necessary can be tricky. It's not always about aesthetics; often, it's about long-term oral health.


So, how do we communicate effectively? First, avoid jargon. Parents aren't dentists or orthodontists. Instead of saying “Class II malocclusion,” try "His top teeth stick out quite a bit compared to his bottom teeth." Use language they understand. Second, focus on the benefits. Explain how early intervention can prevent more complex and costly problems down the road. Talk about how straightening teeth can improve chewing, speech, and even reduce the risk of cavities and gum disease because it's easier to clean properly aligned teeth.


Visuals help too! Show before-and-after photos of similar cases. A picture is truly worth a thousand words. Explain the potential consequences of not seeking treatment. Will the problem worsen over time? Could it impact their child's self-esteem? Be honest, but avoid scare tactics.


Most importantly, listen. Parents often have concerns about cost, treatment duration, and discomfort. Address these concerns with empathy and provide realistic expectations. If possible, offer flexible payment options or refer them to resources that can help with financing. Collaborating with parents, not dictating, is key for a successful referral and, ultimately, a positive outcome for the child. It's about partnering to create a healthier, happier smile.

* Early detection and management of periodontal problems during orthodontic care.

Okay, so you're a dentist, and you want to make sure your little patients get the best orthodontic care possible, right? It's not just about straightening teeth; it's about setting them up for a lifetime of healthy smiles. And a big part of that is choosing the right orthodontist. When we're talking about pediatric cases in particular, there are a few things that really stand out.


Think about it: a kid's not just a small adult. Their mouths are still growing and changing. So, you want an orthodontist who specializes in pediatric orthodontics. Someone who truly understands the nuances of facial growth, eruption patterns, and early intervention. They'll be able to spot potential problems early on – things like crossbites or crowding – and address them before they become bigger issues later. Early treatment can mean shorter treatment times overall, less invasive procedures, and ultimately, better outcomes.


Beyond technical expertise, consider the orthodontist's personality and approach. Kids can be nervous about dental work, so you want someone who's patient, kind, and good at communicating with children. Are they able to explain procedures in a way that kids understand, without scaring them? Do they create a welcoming and comfortable environment? A positive experience at the orthodontist's office can make all the difference in a child's willingness to cooperate with treatment.


Finally, don't forget to consider the practical aspects. Is the orthodontist's office conveniently located for your patients' families? Do they accept the insurance plans your patients typically have? What are their hours like? These factors can significantly impact a family's ability to commit to orthodontic treatment.


By carefully considering these factors – specialization, communication skills, and practical considerations – you can make efficient referrals that truly improve patient outcomes. You're not just sending them to someone who straightens teeth; you're sending them to someone who will guide their oral health and well-being for years to come. And that's the best kind of referral you can make.

* Collaboration between orthodontists and periodontists for optimal outcomes.

Okay, so we're talking about efficient referrals and how they lead to better outcomes for patients, right? And a big piece of that puzzle is understanding the power of early intervention. Think of it like this: a small crack in a foundation might seem insignificant at first. You ignore it, maybe even cover it up. But over time, that little crack can become a major structural problem, costing a fortune to repair and potentially even endangering the whole building.


It's the same with health issues. A relatively minor problem, left unchecked, can snowball into something far more complex and difficult to treat down the line. That's where early intervention comes in. If we can identify potential issues early on and get patients to the right specialists quickly – through efficient and well-managed referrals – we have a much better chance of preventing those problems from escalating.


Imagine a child struggling with speech. A slow, cumbersome referral process might mean months before they see a speech therapist. In that time, the child falls further behind, potentially impacting their social development and academic performance. But an efficient referral system gets them help quickly. They get the support they need to develop their language skills, and that early intervention prevents potentially larger issues like frustration, social isolation, and learning difficulties.


Or consider someone experiencing early symptoms of depression. A quick and easy referral to a mental health professional can provide them with the tools and support they need to manage their symptoms before they become debilitating. We can prevent a downward spiral that could lead to job loss, relationship problems, and even self-harm.


The impact of early intervention is profound. It's not just about treating symptoms; it's about preventing more complex issues later, improving quality of life, and ultimately, saving time and resources. Efficient referrals are the key to unlocking that potential. They ensure that patients get the right care, at the right time, giving them the best possible chance for a healthy and fulfilling life. It's about being proactive, rather than reactive, and that makes all the difference.

Okay, so imagine this: you're a parent, right? And your kiddo's got this cute little gap between their teeth, but you're starting to wonder if it's too cute. You ask your pediatric dentist, the one you trust completely, and they take a look and say, "You know, let's get an orthodontist's opinion on this."


That right there, that's the start of something beautiful: collaborative care. Specifically, when orthodontists and pediatric dentists actually talk to each other, when they're on the same page, that's when the magic happens. Think of it like this: the pediatric dentist is the family doctor for the mouth – they see everything first, they know the kid's history, their anxieties, the whole deal. The orthodontist is the specialist, the one who can really move things around and create a healthy, happy smile.


Efficient referrals are the key. It's not just about handing over a name and number. It's about the pediatric dentist providing detailed information - what they've observed, any specific concerns, even the child's personality. And then, the orthodontist needs to be just as communicative. They need to explain the treatment plan clearly, address the parents' worries, and keep the pediatric dentist in the loop.


Why does this matter? Because it leads to better outcomes, plain and simple. Early intervention, if needed, can prevent bigger problems down the road. The child feels more secure knowing their trusted dentist and the orthodontist are working together. And as parents, we feel confident that our child is getting the best possible care, a coordinated approach that puts their health and well-being first. It's a win-win-win, and it all starts with a simple conversation.

 

Tooth
A chimpanzee displaying his teeth
Details
Identifiers
Latin dens
MeSH D014070
FMA 12516
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]

A tooth (pl.: teeth) is a hard, calcified structure found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates and used to break down food. Some animals, particularly carnivores and omnivores, also use teeth to help with capturing or wounding prey, tearing food, for defensive purposes, to intimidate other animals often including their own, or to carry prey or their young. The roots of teeth are covered by gums. Teeth are not made of bone, but rather of multiple tissues of varying density and hardness that originate from the outermost embryonic germ layer, the ectoderm.

The general structure of teeth is similar across the vertebrates, although there is considerable variation in their form and position. The teeth of mammals have deep roots, and this pattern is also found in some fish, and in crocodilians. In most teleost fish, however, the teeth are attached to the outer surface of the bone, while in lizards they are attached to the inner surface of the jaw by one side. In cartilaginous fish, such as sharks, the teeth are attached by tough ligaments to the hoops of cartilage that form the jaw.[1]

Monophyodonts are animals that develop only one set of teeth, while diphyodonts grow an early set of deciduous teeth and a later set of permanent or "adult" teeth. Polyphyodonts grow many sets of teeth. For example, sharks, grow a new set of teeth every two weeks to replace worn teeth. Most extant mammals including humans are diphyodonts, but there are exceptions including elephants, kangaroos, and manatees, all of which are polyphyodonts.

Rodent incisors grow and wear away continually through gnawing, which helps maintain relatively constant length. The industry of the beaver is due in part to this qualification. Some rodents, such as voles and guinea pigs (but not mice), as well as lagomorpha (rabbits, hares and pikas), have continuously growing molars in addition to incisors.[2][3] Also, tusks (in tusked mammals) grow almost throughout life.[4]

Teeth are not always attached to the jaw, as they are in mammals. In many reptiles and fish, teeth are attached to the palate or to the floor of the mouth, forming additional rows inside those on the jaws proper. Some teleosts even have teeth in the pharynx. While not true teeth in the usual sense, the dermal denticles of sharks are almost identical in structure and are likely to have the same evolutionary origin. Indeed, teeth appear to have first evolved in sharks, and are not found in the more primitive jawless fish – while lampreys do have tooth-like structures on the tongue, these are in fact, composed of keratin, not of dentine or enamel, and bear no relationship to true teeth.[1] Though "modern" teeth-like structures with dentine and enamel have been found in late conodonts, they are now supposed to have evolved independently of later vertebrates' teeth.[5][6]

Living amphibians typically have small teeth, or none at all, since they commonly feed only on soft foods. In reptiles, teeth are generally simple and conical in shape, although there is some variation between species, most notably the venom-injecting fangs of snakes. The pattern of incisors, canines, premolars and molars is found only in mammals, and to varying extents, in their evolutionary ancestors. The numbers of these types of teeth vary greatly between species; zoologists use a standardised dental formula to describe the precise pattern in any given group.[1]

Etymology

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The word tooth comes from Proto-Germanic *tanþs, derived from the Proto-Indo-European *h₁dent-, which was composed of the root *h₁ed- 'to eat' plus the active participle suffix *-nt, therefore literally meaning 'that which eats'.[7]

The irregular plural form teeth is the result of Germanic umlaut whereby vowels immediately preceding a high vocalic in the following syllable were raised. As the nominative plural ending of the Proto-Germanic consonant stems (to which *tanþs belonged) was *-iz, the root vowel in the plural form *tanþiz (changed by this point to *tÄ…Ì„þi via unrelated phonological processes) was raised to /œÃƒÆ’ƒÆ’ƒâ€¹Ã‚/, and later unrounded to /eː/, resulting in the tōþ/tÄ“þ alternation attested from Old English. Cf. also Old English bōc/bÄ“Ä‹ 'book/books' and 'mÅ«s/mȳs' 'mouse/mice', from Proto-Germanic *bōks/bōkiz and *mÅ«s/mÅ«siz respectively.

Cognate with Latin dÄ“ns, Greek á½€δούς (odous), and Sanskrit dát.

Origin

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Teeth are assumed to have evolved either from ectoderm denticles (scales, much like those on the skin of sharks) that folded and integrated into the mouth (called the "outside–in" theory), or from endoderm pharyngeal teeth (primarily formed in the pharynx of jawless vertebrates) (the "inside–out" theory). In addition, there is another theory stating that neural crest gene regulatory network, and neural crest-derived ectomesenchyme are the key to generate teeth (with any epithelium, either ectoderm or endoderm).[4][8]

The genes governing tooth development in mammals are homologous to those involved in the development of fish scales.[9] Study of a tooth plate of a fossil of the extinct fish Romundina stellina showed that the teeth and scales were made of the same tissues, also found in mammal teeth, lending support to the theory that teeth evolved as a modification of scales.[10]

Mammals

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Teeth are among the most distinctive (and long-lasting) features of mammal species. Paleontologists use teeth to identify fossil species and determine their relationships. The shape of the animal's teeth are related to its diet. For example, plant matter is hard to digest, so herbivores have many molars for chewing and grinding. Carnivores, on the other hand, have canine teeth to kill prey and to tear meat.

Mammals, in general, are diphyodont, meaning that they develop two sets of teeth. In humans, the first set (the "baby", "milk", "primary" or "deciduous" set) normally starts to appear at about six months of age, although some babies are born with one or more visible teeth, known as neonatal teeth. Normal tooth eruption at about six months is known as teething and can be painful. Kangaroos, elephants, and manatees are unusual among mammals because they are polyphyodonts.

Aardvark

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In aardvarks, teeth lack enamel and have many pulp tubules, hence the name of the order Tubulidentata.[11]

Canines

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In dogs, the teeth are less likely than humans to form dental cavities because of the very high pH of dog saliva, which prevents enamel from demineralizing.[12] Sometimes called cuspids, these teeth are shaped like points (cusps) and are used for tearing and grasping food.[13]

Cetaceans

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Like human teeth, whale teeth have polyp-like protrusions located on the root surface of the tooth. These polyps are made of cementum in both species, but in human teeth, the protrusions are located on the outside of the root, while in whales the nodule is located on the inside of the pulp chamber. While the roots of human teeth are made of cementum on the outer surface, whales have cementum on the entire surface of the tooth with a very small layer of enamel at the tip. This small enamel layer is only seen in older whales where the cementum has been worn away to show the underlying enamel.[14]

The toothed whale is a parvorder of the cetaceans characterized by having teeth. The teeth differ considerably among the species. They may be numerous, with some dolphins bearing over 100 teeth in their jaws. On the other hand, the narwhals have a giant unicorn-like tusk, which is a tooth containing millions of sensory pathways and used for sensing during feeding, navigation, and mating. It is the most neurologically complex tooth known. Beaked whales are almost toothless, with only bizarre teeth found in males. These teeth may be used for feeding but also for demonstrating aggression and showmanship.

Primates

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In humans (and most other primates), there are usually 20 primary (also "baby" or "milk") teeth, and later up to 32 permanent teeth. Four of these 32 may be third molars or wisdom teeth, although these are not present in all adults, and may be removed surgically later in life.[15]

Among primary teeth, 10 of them are usually found in the maxilla (i.e. upper jaw) and the other 10 in the mandible (i.e. lower jaw). Among permanent teeth, 16 are found in the maxilla and the other 16 in the mandible. Most of the teeth have uniquely distinguishing features.

Horse

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An adult horse has between 36 and 44 teeth. The enamel and dentin layers of horse teeth are intertwined.[16] All horses have 12 premolars, 12 molars, and 12 incisors.[17] Generally, all male equines also have four canine teeth (called tushes) between the molars and incisors. However, few female horses (less than 28%) have canines, and those that do usually have only one or two, which many times are only partially erupted.[18] A few horses have one to four wolf teeth, which are vestigial premolars, with most of those having only one or two. They are equally common in male and female horses and much more likely to be on the upper jaw. If present these can cause problems as they can interfere with the horse's bit contact. Therefore, wolf teeth are commonly removed.[17]

Horse teeth can be used to estimate the animal's age. Between birth and five years, age can be closely estimated by observing the eruption pattern on milk teeth and then permanent teeth. By age five, all permanent teeth have usually erupted. The horse is then said to have a "full" mouth. After the age of five, age can only be conjectured by studying the wear patterns on the incisors, shape, the angle at which the incisors meet, and other factors. The wear of teeth may also be affected by diet, natural abnormalities, and cribbing. Two horses of the same age may have different wear patterns.

A horse's incisors, premolars, and molars, once fully developed, continue to erupt as the grinding surface is worn down through chewing. A young adult horse will have teeth, which are 110–130 mm (4.5–5 inches) long, with the majority of the crown remaining below the gumline in the dental socket. The rest of the tooth will slowly emerge from the jaw, erupting about 3 mm (18 in) each year, as the horse ages. When the animal reaches old age, the crowns of the teeth are very short and the teeth are often lost altogether. Very old horses, if lacking molars, may need to have their fodder ground up and soaked in water to create a soft mush for them to eat in order to obtain adequate nutrition.

Proboscideans

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Section through the ivory tusk of a mammoth

Elephants' tusks are specialized incisors for digging food up and fighting. Some elephant teeth are similar to those in manatees, and elephants are believed to have undergone an aquatic phase in their evolution.

At birth, elephants have a total of 28 molar plate-like grinding teeth not including the tusks. These are organized into four sets of seven successively larger teeth which the elephant will slowly wear through during its lifetime of chewing rough plant material. Only four teeth are used for chewing at a given time, and as each tooth wears out, another tooth moves forward to take its place in a process similar to a conveyor belt. The last and largest of these teeth usually becomes exposed when the animal is around 40 years of age, and will often last for an additional 20 years. When the last of these teeth has fallen out, regardless of the elephant's age, the animal will no longer be able to chew food and will die of starvation.[19][20]

Rabbit

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Rabbits and other lagomorphs usually shed their deciduous teeth before (or very shortly after) their birth, and are usually born with their permanent teeth.[21] The teeth of rabbits complement their diet, which consists of a wide range of vegetation. Since many of the foods are abrasive enough to cause attrition, rabbit teeth grow continuously throughout life.[22] Rabbits have a total of six incisors, three upper premolars, three upper molars, two lower premolars, and two lower molars on each side. There are no canines. Dental formula is 2.0.3.31.0.2.3 = 28. Three to four millimeters of the tooth is worn away by incisors every week, whereas the cheek teeth require a month to wear away the same amount.[23]

The incisors and cheek teeth of rabbits are called aradicular hypsodont teeth. This is sometimes referred to as an elodent dentition. These teeth grow or erupt continuously. The growth or eruption is held in balance by dental abrasion from chewing a diet high in fiber.

Buccal view of top incisor from Rattus rattus. Top incisor outlined in yellow. Molars circled in blue.
Buccal view of the lower incisor from the right dentary of a Rattus rattus
Lingual view of the lower incisor from the right dentary of a Rattus rattus
Midsagittal view of top incisor from Rattus rattus. Top incisor outlined in yellow. Molars circled in blue.

Rodents

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Rodents have upper and lower hypselodont incisors that can continuously grow enamel throughout its life without having properly formed roots.[24] These teeth are also known as aradicular teeth, and unlike humans whose ameloblasts die after tooth development, rodents continually produce enamel, they must wear down their teeth by gnawing on various materials.[25] Enamel and dentin are produced by the enamel organ, and growth is dependent on the presence of stem cells, cellular amplification, and cellular maturation structures in the odontogenic region.[26] Rodent incisors are used for cutting wood, biting through the skin of fruit, or for defense. This allows for the rate of wear and tooth growth to be at equilibrium.[24] The microstructure of rodent incisor enamel has shown to be useful in studying the phylogeny and systematics of rodents because of its independent evolution from the other dental traits. The enamel on rodent incisors are composed of two layers: the inner portio interna (PI) with Hunter-Schreger bands (HSB) and an outer portio externa (PE) with radial enamel (RE).[27] It usually involves the differential regulation of the epithelial stem cell niche in the tooth of two rodent species, such as guinea pigs.[28][29]

Lingual view of top incisor from Rattus rattus. Top incisor outlined in yellow. Molars circled in blue.

The teeth have enamel on the outside and exposed dentin on the inside, so they self-sharpen during gnawing. On the other hand, continually growing molars are found in some rodent species, such as the sibling vole and the guinea pig.[28][29] There is variation in the dentition of the rodents, but generally, rodents lack canines and premolars, and have a space between their incisors and molars, called the diastema region.

Manatee

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Manatees are polyphyodont with mandibular molars developing separately from the jaw and are encased in a bony shell separated by soft tissue.[30][31]

Walrus

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Walrus tusks are canine teeth that grow continuously throughout life.[32]

Fish

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Teeth of a great white shark

Fish, such as sharks, may go through many teeth in their lifetime. The replacement of multiple teeth is known as polyphyodontia.

A class of prehistoric shark are called cladodonts for their strange forked teeth.

Unlike the continuous shedding of functional teeth seen in modern sharks,[33][34] the majority of stem chondrichthyan lineages retained all tooth generations developed throughout the life of the animal.[35] This replacement mechanism is exemplified by the tooth whorl-based dentitions of acanthodians,[36] which include the oldest known toothed vertebrate, Qianodus duplicis[37].

Amphibians

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All amphibians have pedicellate teeth, which are modified to be flexible due to connective tissue and uncalcified dentine that separates the crown from the base of the tooth.[38]

Most amphibians exhibit teeth that have a slight attachment to the jaw or acrodont teeth. Acrodont teeth exhibit limited connection to the dentary and have little enervation.[39] This is ideal for organisms who mostly use their teeth for grasping, but not for crushing and allows for rapid regeneration of teeth at a low energy cost. Teeth are usually lost in the course of feeding if the prey is struggling. Additionally, amphibians that undergo a metamorphosis develop bicuspid shaped teeth.[40]

Reptiles

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The teeth of reptiles are replaced constantly throughout their lives. Crocodilian juveniles replace teeth with larger ones at a rate as high as one new tooth per socket every month. Once mature, tooth replacement rates can slow to two years and even longer. Overall, crocodilians may use 3,000 teeth from birth to death. New teeth are created within old teeth.[41]

Birds

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A skull of Ichthyornis discovered in 2014 suggests that the beak of birds may have evolved from teeth to allow chicks to escape their shells earlier, and thus avoid predators and also to penetrate protective covers such as hard earth to access underlying food.[42][43]

Invertebrates

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The European medicinal leech has three jaws with numerous sharp teeth which function like little saws for incising a host.

True teeth are unique to vertebrates,[44] although many invertebrates have analogous structures often referred to as teeth. The organisms with the simplest genome bearing such tooth-like structures are perhaps the parasitic worms of the family Ancylostomatidae.[45] For example, the hookworm Necator americanus has two dorsal and two ventral cutting plates or teeth around the anterior margin of the buccal capsule. It also has a pair of subdorsal and a pair of subventral teeth located close to the rear.[46]

Historically, the European medicinal leech, another invertebrate parasite, has been used in medicine to remove blood from patients.[47] They have three jaws (tripartite) that resemble saws in both appearance and function, and on them are about 100 sharp teeth used to incise the host. The incision leaves a mark that is an inverted Y inside of a circle. After piercing the skin and injecting anticoagulants (hirudin) and anaesthetics, they suck out blood, consuming up to ten times their body weight in a single meal.[48]

In some species of Bryozoa, the first part of the stomach forms a muscular gizzard lined with chitinous teeth that crush armoured prey such as diatoms. Wave-like peristaltic contractions then move the food through the stomach for digestion.[49]

The limpet rasps algae from rocks using teeth with the strongest known tensile strength of any biological material.

Molluscs have a structure called a radula, which bears a ribbon of chitinous teeth. However, these teeth are histologically and developmentally different from vertebrate teeth and are unlikely to be homologous. For example, vertebrate teeth develop from a neural crest mesenchyme-derived dental papilla, and the neural crest is specific to vertebrates, as are tissues such as enamel.[44]

The radula is used by molluscs for feeding and is sometimes compared rather inaccurately to a tongue. It is a minutely toothed, chitinous ribbon, typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food enters the oesophagus. The radula is unique to molluscs, and is found in every class of mollusc apart from bivalves.

Within the gastropods, the radula is used in feeding by both herbivorous and carnivorous snails and slugs. The arrangement of teeth (also known as denticles) on the radula ribbon varies considerably from one group to another as shown in the diagram on the left.

Predatory marine snails such as the Naticidae use the radula plus an acidic secretion to bore through the shell of other molluscs. Other predatory marine snails, such as the Conidae, use a specialized radula tooth as a poisoned harpoon. Predatory pulmonate land slugs, such as the ghost slug, use elongated razor-sharp teeth on the radula to seize and devour earthworms. Predatory cephalopods, such as squid, use the radula for cutting prey.

In most of the more ancient lineages of gastropods, the radula is used to graze by scraping diatoms and other microscopic algae off rock surfaces and other substrates. Limpets scrape algae from rocks using radula equipped with exceptionally hard rasping teeth.[50] These teeth have the strongest known tensile strength of any biological material, outperforming spider silk.[50] The mineral protein of the limpet teeth can withstand a tensile stress of 4.9 GPa, compared to 4 GPa of spider silk and 0.5 GPa of human teeth.[51]

 

Fossilization and taphonomy

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Because teeth are very resistant, often preserved when bones are not,[52] and reflect the diet of the host organism, they are very valuable to archaeologists and palaeontologists.[53] Early fish such as the thelodonts had scales composed of dentine and an enamel-like compound, suggesting that the origin of teeth was from scales which were retained in the mouth. Fish as early as the late Cambrian had dentine in their exoskeletons, which may have functioned in defense or for sensing their environments.[54] Dentine can be as hard as the rest of teeth and is composed of collagen fibres, reinforced with hydroxyapatite.[54]

Though teeth are very resistant, they also can be brittle and highly susceptible to cracking.[55] However, cracking of the tooth can be used as a diagnostic tool for predicting bite force. Additionally, enamel fractures can also give valuable insight into the diet and behaviour of archaeological and fossil samples.

Decalcification removes the enamel from teeth and leaves only the organic interior intact, which comprises dentine and cementine.[56] Enamel is quickly decalcified in acids,[57] perhaps by dissolution by plant acids or via diagenetic solutions, or in the stomachs of vertebrate predators.[56] Enamel can be lost by abrasion or spalling,[56] and is lost before dentine or bone are destroyed by the fossilisation process.[57] In such a case, the 'skeleton' of the teeth would consist of the dentine, with a hollow pulp cavity.[56] The organic part of dentine, conversely, is destroyed by alkalis.[57]

See also

[edit]
  • Animal tooth development
  • Dragon's teeth (mythology)

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 300–310. ISBN 978-0-03-910284-5.
  2. ^ Tummers M, Thesleff I (March 2003). "Root or crown: a developmental choice orchestrated by the differential regulation of the epithelial stem cell niche in the tooth of two rodent species". Development. 130 (6): 1049–57. doi:10.1242/dev.00332. PMID 12571097.
  3. ^ Hunt AM (1959). "A description of the molar teeth and investing tissues of normal guinea pigs". J. Dent. Res. 38 (2): 216–31. doi:10.1177/00220345590380020301. PMID 13641521. S2CID 45097018.
  4. ^ a b Nasoori, Alireza (2020). "Tusks, the extra-oral teeth". Archives of Oral Biology. 117: 104835. doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104835. PMID 32668361. S2CID 220585014.
  5. ^ McCOLLUM, MELANIE; SHARPE, PAUL T. (July 2001). "Evolution and development of teeth". Journal of Anatomy. 199 (1–2): 153–159. doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910153.x. PMC 1594990. PMID 11523817.
  6. ^ Kaplan, Matt (October 16, 2013). "Fossil scans reveal origins of teeth". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2013.13964 – via www.nature.com.
  7. ^ Harper, Douglas (2001–2021). "tooth | Origin and meaning of tooth". Online Etymology Dictionary.
  8. ^ Jheon, Andrew H (2012). "From molecules to mastication: the development and evolution of teeth". Wiley Interdiscip Rev Dev Biol. 2 (2): 165–182. doi:10.1002/wdev.63. PMC 3632217. PMID 24009032.
  9. ^ Sharpe, P. T. (2001). "Fish scale development: Hair today, teeth and scales yesterday?". Current Biology. 11 (18): R751 – R752. Bibcode:2001CBio...11.R751S. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00438-9. PMID 11566120. S2CID 18868124.
  10. ^ Jennifer Viegas (June 24, 2015). "First-known teeth belonged to fierce fish". ABC Science. Retrieved June 28, 2015.
  11. ^ Shoshani 2002, p. 619
  12. ^ Hale, FA (2009). "Dental caries in the dog". Can. Vet. J. 50 (12): 1301–4. PMC 2777300. PMID 20190984.
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  16. ^ "Gummed Out: Young Horses Lose Many Teeth, Vet Says". Archived from the original on 8 July 2014. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
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  21. ^ "Dental Anatomy & Care for Rabbits and Rodents".
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  23. ^ Ryšavy, Robin. Hay & Dental Health, hosted by the Missouri House Rabbit Society-Kansas City. Page accessed January 2, 2024.
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  25. ^ Caceci, Thomas. Veterinary Histology with subtitle "Digestive System: Oral Cavity" found here Archived 2006-04-30 at the Wayback Machine.
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  28. ^ a b Tummers M and Thesleff I. Root or crown: a developmental choice orchestrated by the differential regulation of the epithelial stem cell niche in the tooth of two rodent species. Development (2003). 130(6):1049-57.
  29. ^ a b AM Hunt. A description of the molar teeth and investing tissues of normal guinea pigs. J Dent Res. (1959) 38(2):216-31.
  30. ^ Shoshani, J., ed. (2000). Elephants: Majestic Creatures of the Wild. Checkmark Books. ISBN 0-87596-143-6.
  31. ^ Best, Robin (1984). Macdonald, D. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 292–298. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.
  32. ^ The Permanent Canine Teeth, hosted on the University of Illinois at Chicago website. Page accessed February 5, 2007.
  33. ^ Underwood, Charlie; Johanson, Zerina; Smith, Moya Meredith (November 2016). "Cutting blade dentitions in squaliform sharks form by modification of inherited alternate tooth ordering patterns". Royal Society Open Science. 3 (11): 160385. Bibcode:2016RSOS....360385U. doi:10.1098/rsos.160385. ISSN 2054-5703. PMC 5180115. PMID 28018617. S2CID 12821592.
  34. ^ Fraser, Gareth J.; Thiery, Alex P. (2019), Underwood, Charlie; Richter, Martha; Johanson, Zerina (eds.), "Evolution, Development and Regeneration of Fish Dentitions", Evolution and Development of Fishes, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 160–171, doi:10.1017/9781316832172.010, ISBN 978-1-107-17944-8, S2CID 92225621, retrieved 2022-10-22
  35. ^ Rücklin, Martin; King, Benedict; Cunningham, John A.; Johanson, Zerina; Marone, Federica; Donoghue, Philip C. J. (2021-05-06). "Acanthodian dental development and the origin of gnathostome dentitions". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 5 (7): 919–926. Bibcode:2021NatEE...5..919R. doi:10.1038/s41559-021-01458-4. hdl:1983/27f9a13a-1441-410e-b9a7-116b42cd40f7. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 33958756. S2CID 233985000.
  36. ^ Burrow, Carole (2021). Acanthodii, Stem Chondrichthyes. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil. ISBN 978-3-89937-271-7. OCLC 1335983356.
  37. ^ Andreev, Plamen S.; Sansom, Ivan J.; Li, Qiang; Zhao, Wenjin; Wang, Jianhua; Wang, Chun-Chieh; Peng, Lijian; Jia, Liantao; Qiao, Tuo; Zhu, Min (September 2022). "The oldest gnathostome teeth". Nature. 609 (7929): 964–968. Bibcode:2022Natur.609..964A. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05166-2. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 36171375. S2CID 252569771.
  38. ^ Pough, Harvey. Vertebrate Life. 9th Ed. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc., 2013. 211-252. Print.
  39. ^ Kardong, Kenneth (1995). Vertebrate: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution. New York: McGraw-HIll. pp. 215–225. ISBN 9780078023026.
  40. ^ Xiong, Jianli (2014). "Comparison of vomerine tooth rows in juvenile and adult Hynobius guabangshanensis". Vertebrate Zoology. 64: 215–220.
  41. ^ Poole, D. F. G. (January 1961). "Notes on Tooth Replacement in the Nile Crocodile Crocodilus niloticus". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 136 (1): 131–140. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1961.tb06083.x.
  42. ^ Hersher, Rebecca (May 2, 2018). "How Did Birds Lose Their Teeth And Get Their Beaks? Study Offers Clues". NPR.
  43. ^ Field, Daniel J.; Hanson, Michael; Burnham, David; Wilson, Laura E.; Super, Kristopher; Ehret, Dana; Ebersole, Jun A.; Bhullar, Bhart-Anjan S. (May 31, 2018). "Complete Ichthyornis skull illuminates mosaic assembly of the avian head". Nature Vol 557, pp 96 - 100.
  44. ^ a b Kardong, Kenneth V. (1995). Vertebrates: comparative anatomy, function, evolution. McGraw-Hill. pp. 55, 57. ISBN 978-0-697-21991-6.
  45. ^ "Ancylostoma duodenale". Nematode.net Genome Sequencing Center. Archived from the original on 2008-05-16. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
  46. ^ Roberts, Larry S., and John Janovy, Jr. Foundations of Parasitology. Seventh ed. Singapore: McGraw-Hill, 2006.
  47. ^ Brian Payton (1981). Kenneth Muller; John Nicholls; Gunther Stent (eds.). Neurobiology of the Leech. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. pp. 27–34. ISBN 978-0-87969-146-2.
  48. ^ Wells MD, Manktelow RT, Boyd JB, Bowen V (1993). "The medical leech: an old treatment revisited". Microsurgery. 14 (3): 183–6. doi:10.1002/micr.1920140309. PMID 8479316. S2CID 27891377.
  49. ^ Ruppert, E.E.; Fox, R.S.; Barnes, R.D. (2004). "Lophoporata". Invertebrate Zoology (7 ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp. 829–845. ISBN 978-0-03-025982-1.
  50. ^ a b Asa H. Barber; Dun Lu; Nicola M. Pugno (18 February 2015), "Extreme strength observed in limpet teeth", Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 12 (105): 20141326, doi:10.1098/rsif.2014.1326, PMC 4387522, PMID 25694539
  51. ^ Zachary Davies Boren (18 February 2015). "The strongest materials in the world: Limpet teeth beats record resistance of spider silk". The Independent. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  52. ^ Taphonomy: A Process Approach. Ronald E. Martin. Illustrated edition. Cambridge University Press, 1999. ISBN 978-0-521-59833-0
  53. ^ Towle, Ian; Irish, Joel D.; De Groote, Isabelle (2017). "Behavioral inferences from the high levels of dental chipping in Homo naledi". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 164 (1): 184–192. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23250. PMID 28542710. S2CID 24296825. Retrieved 2019-01-09.
  54. ^ a b Teaford, Mark F and Smith, Moya Meredith, 2007. Development, Function and Evolution of Teeth, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-03372-5, Chapter 5.
  55. ^ Lee, James J.-W.; Constantino, Paul J.; Lucas, Peter W.; Lawn, Brian R. (2011-11-01). "Fracture in teeth—a diagnostic for inferring bite force and tooth function". Biological Reviews. 86 (4): 959–974. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.2011.00181.x. ISSN 1469-185X. PMID 21507194. S2CID 205599560.
  56. ^ a b c d Fisher, Daniel C (1981). "Taphonomic Interpretation of Enamel-Less Teeth in the Shotgun Local Fauna (Paleocene, Wyoming)". Museum of Paleontology Contributions, the University of Michigan. 25 (13): 259–275. hdl:2027.42/48503.
  57. ^ a b c Fernandez-Jalvo, Y.; Sanchez-Chillon, B.; Andrews, P.; Fernandez-Lopez, S.; Alcala Martinez, L. (2002). "Morphological taphonomic transformations of fossil bones in continental environments, and repercussions on their chemical composition" (PDF). Archaeometry. 44 (3): 353–361. doi:10.1111/1475-4754.t01-1-00068.

Sources

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  • Shoshani, Jeheskel (2002). "Tubulidentata". In Robertson, Sarah (ed.). Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. Vol. 18: Svedberg, Theodor to Two-hybrid and Related Systems. London, UK: Nature Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-56159-274-6.
[edit]
  • Beach, Chandler B., ed. (1914). "Teeth" . The New Student's Reference Work . Chicago: F. E. Compton and Co.

 

Infants may use pacifiers or their thumb or fingers to soothe themselves
Newborn baby thumb sucking
A bonnet macaque thumb sucking

Thumb sucking is a behavior found in humans, chimpanzees, captive ring-tailed lemurs,[1] and other primates.[2] It usually involves placing the thumb into the mouth and rhythmically repeating sucking contact for a prolonged duration. It can also be accomplished with any organ within reach (such as other fingers and toes) and is considered to be soothing and therapeutic for the person. As a child develops the habit, it will usually develop a "favourite" finger to suck on.

At birth, a baby will reflexively suck any object placed in its mouth; this is the sucking reflex responsible for breastfeeding. From the first time they engage in nutritive feeding, infants learn that the habit can not only provide valuable nourishment, but also a great deal of pleasure, comfort, and warmth. Whether from a mother, bottle, or pacifier, this behavior, over time, begins to become associated with a very strong, self-soothing, and pleasurable oral sensation. As the child grows older, and is eventually weaned off the nutritional sucking, they can either develop alternative means for receiving those same feelings of physical and emotional fulfillment, or they can continue experiencing those pleasantly soothing experiences by beginning to suck their thumbs or fingers.[3] This reflex disappears at about 4 months of age; thumb sucking is not purely an instinctive behavior and therefore can last much longer.[4] Moreover, ultrasound scans have revealed that thumb sucking can start before birth, as early as 15 weeks from conception; whether this behavior is voluntary or due to random movements of the fetus in the womb is not conclusively known.

Thumb sucking generally stops by the age of 4 years. Some older children will retain the habit, which can cause severe dental problems.[5] While most dentists would recommend breaking the habit as early as possible, it has been shown that as long as the habit is broken before the onset of permanent teeth, at around 5 years old, the damage is reversible.[6] Thumb sucking is sometimes retained into adulthood and may be due to simply habit continuation. Using anatomical and neurophysiological data a study has found that sucking the thumb is said to stimulate receptors within the brain which cause the release of mental and physical tension.[7]

Dental problems and prevention

[edit]
Alveolar prognathism, caused by thumb sucking and tongue thrusting in a 7-year-old girl.

Percentage of children who suck their thumbs (data from two researchers)

Age Kantorowicz[4] Brückl[8]
0–1 92% 66%
1–2 93%
2–3 87%
3–4 86% 25%
4–5 85%
5–6 76%
Over 6 9%

Most children stop sucking on thumbs, pacifiers or other objects on their own between 2 and 4 years of age. No harm is done to their teeth or jaws until permanent teeth start to erupt. The only time it might cause concern is if it goes on beyond 6 to 8 years of age. At this time, it may affect the shape of the oral cavity or dentition.[9] During thumbsucking the tongue sits in a lowered position and so no longer balances the forces from the buccal group of musculature. This results in narrowing of the upper arch and a posterior crossbite. Thumbsucking can also cause the maxillary central incisors to tip labially and the mandibular incisors to tip lingually, resulting in an increased overjet and anterior open bite malocclusion, as the thumb rests on them during the course of sucking. In addition to proclination of the maxillary incisors, mandibular incisors retrusion will also happen. Transverse maxillary deficiency gives rise to posterior crossbite, ultimately leading to a Class II malocclusion.[10]

Children may experience difficulty in swallowing and speech patterns due to the adverse changes. Aside from the damaging physical aspects of thumb sucking, there are also additional risks, which unfortunately, are present at all ages. These include increased risk of infection from communicable diseases, due to the simple fact that non-sterile thumbs are covered with infectious agents, as well as many social implications. Some children experience social difficulties, as often children are taunted by their peers for engaging in what they can consider to be an “immature” habit. This taunting often results the child being rejected by the group or being subjected to ridicule by their peers, which can cause understandable psychological stress.[11]

Methods to stop sucking habits are divided into 2 categories: Preventive Therapy and Appliance Therapy.[10]

Examples to prevent their children from sucking their thumbs include the use of bitterants or piquant substances on their child's hands—although this is not a procedure encouraged by the American Dental Association[9] or the Association of Pediatric Dentists. Some suggest that positive reinforcements or calendar rewards be given to encourage the child to stop sucking their thumb.

The American Dental Association recommends:

  • Praise children for not sucking, instead of scolding them when they do.
  • If a child is sucking their thumb when feeling insecure or needing comfort, focus instead on correcting the cause of the anxiety and provide comfort to your child.
  • If a child is sucking on their thumb because of boredom, try getting the child's attention with a fun activity.
  • Involve older children in the selection of a means to cease thumb sucking.
  • The pediatric dentist can offer encouragement to the child and explain what could happen to the child's teeth if he/she does not stop sucking.
  • Only if these tips are ineffective, remind the child of the habit by bandaging the thumb or putting a sock/glove on the hand at night.
  • Other orthodontics[12] for appliances are available.

The British Orthodontic Society recommends the same advice as ADA.[13]

A Cochrane review was conducted to review the effectiveness of a variety of clinical interventions for stopping thumb-sucking. The study showed that orthodontic appliances and psychological interventions (positive and negative reinforcement) were successful at preventing thumb sucking in both the short and long term, compared to no treatment.[14] Psychological interventions such as habit reversal training and decoupling have also proven useful in body focused repetitive behaviors.[15]

Clinical studies have shown that appliances such as TGuards can be 90% effective in breaking the thumb or finger sucking habit. Rather than use bitterants or piquants, which are not endorsed by the ADA due to their causing of discomfort or pain, TGuards break the habit simply by removing the suction responsible for generating the feelings of comfort and nurture.[16] Other appliances are available, such as fabric thumb guards, each having their own benefits and features depending on the child's age, willpower and motivation. Fixed intraoral appliances have been known to create problems during eating as children when removing their appliances may have a risk of breaking them. Children with mental illness may have reduced compliance.[10]

Some studies mention the use of extra-oral habit reminder appliance to treat thumb sucking. An alarm is triggered when the child tries to suck the thumb to stop the child from this habit.[10][17] However, more studies are required to prove the effectiveness of external devices on thumb sucking.

Children's books

[edit]
  • In Heinrich Hoffmann’s Struwwelpeter, the "thumb-sucker" Konrad is punished by having both of his thumbs cut off.
  • There are several children's books on the market with the intention to help the child break the habit of thumb sucking. Most of them provide a story the child can relate to and some coping strategies.[18] Experts recommend to use only books in which the topic of thumb sucking is shown in a positive and respectful way.[19]

See also

[edit]
  • Stereotypic movement disorder
  • Prognathism

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Jolly A (1966). Lemur Behavior. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-226-40552-0.
  2. ^ Benjamin, Lorna S.: "The Beginning of Thumbsucking." Child Development, Vol. 38, No. 4 (Dec., 1967), pp. 1065–1078.
  3. ^ "About the Thumb Sucking Habit". Tguard.
  4. ^ a b Kantorowicz A (June 1955). "Die Bedeutung des Lutschens für die Entstehung erworbener Fehlbildungen". Fortschritte der Kieferorthopädie. 16 (2): 109–21. doi:10.1007/BF02165710. S2CID 28204791.
  5. ^ O'Connor A (27 September 2005). "The Claim: Thumb Sucking Can Lead to Buck Teeth". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  6. ^ Friman PC, McPherson KM, Warzak WJ, Evans J (April 1993). "Influence of thumb sucking on peer social acceptance in first-grade children". Pediatrics. 91 (4): 784–6. doi:10.1542/peds.91.4.784. PMID 8464667.
  7. ^ Ferrante A, Ferrante A (August 2015). "[Finger or thumb sucking. New interpretations and therapeutic implications]". Minerva Pediatrica (in Italian). 67 (4): 285–97. PMID 26129804.
  8. ^ Reichenbach E, Brückl H (1982). "Lehrbuch der Kieferorthopädie Bd. 1962;3:315-26.". Kieferorthopädische Klinik und Therapie Zahnärzliche Fortbildung. 5. Auflage Verlag. JA Barth Leipzig" alıntı Schulze G.
  9. ^ a b "Thumbsucking - American Dental Association". Archived from the original on 2010-06-19. Retrieved 2010-05-19.
  10. ^ a b c d Shetty RM, Shetty M, Shetty NS, Deoghare A (2015). "Three-Alarm System: Revisited to treat Thumb-sucking Habit". International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry. 8 (1): 82–6. doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1289. PMC 4472878. PMID 26124588.
  11. ^ Fukuta O, Braham RL, Yokoi K, Kurosu K (1996). "Damage to the primary dentition resulting from thumb and finger (digit) sucking". ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children. 63 (6): 403–7. PMID 9017172.
  12. ^ "Stop Thumb Sucking". Stop Thumb Sucking.org.
  13. ^ "Dummy and thumb sucking habits" (PDF). Patient Information Leaflet. British Orthodontic Society.
  14. ^ Borrie FR, Bearn DR, Innes NP, Iheozor-Ejiofor Z (March 2015). "Interventions for the cessation of non-nutritive sucking habits in children". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021 (3): CD008694. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008694.pub2. PMC 8482062. PMID 25825863.
  15. ^ Lee MT, Mpavaenda DN, Fineberg NA (2019-04-24). "Habit Reversal Therapy in Obsessive Compulsive Related Disorders: A Systematic Review of the Evidence and CONSORT Evaluation of Randomized Controlled Trials". Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. 13: 79. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00079. PMC 6491945. PMID 31105537.
  16. ^ "Unique Thumb with Lock Band to Deter Child from Thumb Sucking". Clinical Research Associates Newsletter. 19 (6). June 1995.
  17. ^ Krishnappa S, Rani MS, Aariz S (2016). "New electronic habit reminder for the management of thumb-sucking habit". Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry. 34 (3): 294–7. doi:10.4103/0970-4388.186750. PMID 27461817. S2CID 22658574.
  18. ^ "Books on the Subject of Thumb-Sucking". Thumb-Heroes. 9 December 2020.
  19. ^ Stevens Mills, Christine (2018). Two Thumbs Up - Understanding and Treatment of Thumb Sucking. ISBN 978-1-5489-2425-6.

Further reading

[edit]
  • "Duration of pacifier use, thumb sucking may affect dental arches". The Journal of the American Dental Association. 133 (12): 1610–1612. December 2002. doi:10.14219/jada.archive.2002.0102.
  • Mobbs E, Crarf GT (2011). Latchment Before Attachment, The First Stage of Emotional Development, Oral Tactile Imprinting. Westmead.
[edit]
  • "Oral Health Topics: Thumbsucking". American Dental Association. Archived from the original on 2010-06-19.
  • "Pacifiers & Thumb Sucking". Canadian Dental Association.

Frequently Asked Questions

A: A timely and informed referral ensures your child receives specialized care from an expert, leading to a more accurate diagnosis, a personalized treatment plan, and ultimately, a better and healthier long-term result.